Lupus

Lupus is complex and has several types that can cause a range of health problems.

• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Is the most common type and can be mild or severe and attack various body parts during periodic flare-ups.
• Subacute cutaneous lupus causes skin sores following sun exposure.
• Drug-induced lupus follows prescription medicine use.
• Discoid lupus causes a persistent red rash on the face, neck, and scalp.
• Neonatal lupus in newborns is due to the mother’s lupus autoantibodies.

Lupus may be hormonal, genetic, environmental or a combination of all three. It is more common in women, those aged 15-45, people who have a relative with lupus or another autoimmune disease, and some ethnic groups.

Women are nine times more likely to have lupus than men and symptoms often occur during their childbearing years, suggesting a possible link with estrogen. Genetic links have not been proven, but it is more common in some families. Possible environmental triggers include gut microbiota, viral infections, medication, sun exposure and smoking.

Lupus symptoms vary in type, severity and location. They can include tiredness, joint and/or muscle pain, blood problems, skin rashes and inflamed organs such as the kidney, liver, lungs, and heart. Some people also experience mouth sores, hair loss, fever, light sensitivity, dry eyes and mouth, chest pain, swollen glands, shortness of breath, confusion, pale or purple fingers or toes, and headaches. No two lupus cases are the same. Symptoms can be permanent but often settle, then flare up occasionally.

Lupus diagnosis

Lupus is difficult to diagnose due to its many symptoms, which may mimic other conditions. Symptoms can also vary widely and change over time. Lupus is usually diagnosed with a combination of blood and urine tests, biomarker investigation, looking at signs and symptoms, and physical examinations. Organs may be screened if a doctor suspects damage.

No single lupus cause has been established, but it is believed to stem from a combination of factors including genetics, hormones, environment, viral and bacterial infections, overexposure to sunlight and the long-term use of some medications.

Examples may include smoking, severe emotional stress, a family history of lupus, abnormal levels of hormones such as estrogen and certain blood pressure, anti-seizure and antibiotic medications. You can also have lupus without experiencing the suspected risk factors.

Lupus has no cure and treatment depends on the symptoms. It can involve anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, immunosuppressants, and anti-malarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine for fatigue and skin and joint problems. Severe cases may require medicines that reduce antibodies in the blood. Eating well, not smoking, managing stress, and staying active may also help.

Those who have lupus are also advised to have regular checks and tests, such as blood tests for anaemia and urine tests for kidney problems. If organs are damaged, they will require appropriate treatment.

Long term effects of lupus

Due to its complexity and potential seriousness, lupus can have numerous long-term effects. If it cannot be managed with medication and other treatments, it may lead to problems with the kidneys, lungs, heart, blood and blood vessels, the brain and central nervous system.

Those with lupus may also have an increased risk of pregnancy complications, bone tissue death, infection, and cancer. However, improved knowledge and treatments mean most people with lupus can enjoy a normal lifespan if they follow their treatment plan.